Endocrinology

The human Pituitary gland is reddish–Grey, an oval structure about 10mm in diameter in the brain just behind the optic chiasma as an extension of the field of the hypothalamus. The average weight of the gland in females is 0.5–0.6gm and in males is 0.6 to 0.7 gm.  The Pituitary gland location below the Hypothalamus of the brain. What are the …

The study of Endocrine glands and their functions is called ‘Endocrinology’ the term introduced by PENDE. Vertebrates have been attained its systems in evolution. The systems are Respiratory system, Circulatory system, excretory system, Digestive system, Nervous system, Endocrine system, and some other systems. In this, there are two integrated systems functioning in Homeostasis in vertebrates including humans. These are the …

The Gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females) perform closely related dual functions. Synthesize Sex hormonesProduce Germ Cells The steroid sex hormones (gonads secretions) are responsible for growth, development, maintenance and regulation of reproductive system. Sex hormones are essentially required for the development of germ cells. Hormones of Gonads The sex hormones are categorized into THREE groups: Androgens or male …

Hormonal action at the cellular level begins with the association of the hormone and its specific receptor. Hormone can be classified by the nature of the signal (or) second messenger used to mediate hormonal action within the cell. A number of these second messengers have been defined, but for several hormones the intracellular signal has been discovered. Some Endocrine Glands …

Anatomy of gland: The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body. Thyroid Gland consists two lobes, locates either side of and anterior to the trachea just below the larynx. The two lobes are connected by a narrow bridge called “ISTHUMUS”, so the gland looks like ‘H’ shape. The weight of the thyroid gland is 20 to 30 …

Adrenal gland locates on the topside of the kidney. In human, two adrenals are present on each kidney. Histologically, the adrenal has two distinct parts namely, An outer covering called the “Cortex” surrounding by an inner dark-colored mass called the “Medulla”. Adrenal Cortex: The adrenal cortex is made up of three layers, Zona Glomerulosa: Outer narrow layer, it is the …

This is the continuous part of “Peptide hormone: Pancreatic secretions-1“. This chapter explains the second pancreatic hormone Insulin structure, biosynthesis, mechanism and Functions. Pancreatic Hormone – Insulin: Structure: In 1926, “ABEL” isolated crystalline insulin from pancreas. Insulin (insulaL =island) was first isolated in 1922 for the pancreas of dogs by Banting & Best of the university of Toranto , canada. …

The pancreas was first identified for western civilization by Herophilus (335–280 BC), a Greek anatomist and surgeon. Only a few hundred years later, Rufus of Ephesus, another Greek anatomist, gave the pancreas its name. The pancreas secrets three different peptide hormones. They are Insulin, Glucagon and Stomatostatin. Anatomy of Pancreas: The pancreas (from pankreas: panG=all, kreasG=flesh); effering to the fleshy …